Los derechos humanos y la legitimidad de las instituciones de gobernanza global
Keywords:
instituciones de gobernanza global, derechos humanos, diligencia debida, legitimidad, concepción de los derechos humanos centrada en el estadoAbstract
En un reciente artículo Allan Buchanan y Robert Keohane defienden la tesis de que una de las condiciones necesarias para la legitimidad de instituciones de gobernanza global como la WTO o el FMI consiste en que respeten los derechos humanos básicos. Estoy plenamente de acuerdo en que fijar el umbral mínimo de aceptabilidad moral por debajo de esto sería completamente irrazonable. Pero, desgraciadamente, la tesis de que las instituciones de gobernanza global tienen obligaciones de derechos humanos es controvertida. De hecho, estas instituciones hacen grandes esfuerzos para rebatirla. Su postura oficial encuentra un fuerte apoyo normativo en la concepción de los derechos humanos centrada en el estado que domina tanto los debates normativos como la práctica actual de los derechos humanos. En este artículo desafío algunos de los supuestos normativos que subyacen a la concepción estado-céntrica para defender una concepción pluralista que asigna obligaciones de derechos humanos no solamente a los estados sino también a actores no estatales como las instituciones de gobernanza global. Después de analizar brevemente algunas de las propuestas actualmente en discusión sobre cómo anclar la obligación legal de respetar los derechos humanos en estas instituciones, defenderé la plausibilidad de tales propuestas contra la objeción de que su implementación es incompatible con el actual sistema de estados y que requeriría, por consiguiente, la creación de un estado global.
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